“Although tariff proponents have claimed that the additional tax collected on imported goods would punish exporting countries, reliable studies have found that 90% – or more – of the higher cost is paid by the consumer, Bruno and Manzo said. They used 90% when making their calculations in what they described as a conservative choice.
The researchers noted that tariffs were in place before 2025 and have been used effectively to prevent countries with employers paying meager wages, poor working conditions and lax environmental controls from dumping cheap products onto the U.S. market.”
Tariffs and the Midwest: Impacts on Households, Manufacturing, and Economies in Six States (PDF).